Профессиональный жаргон

Therefore, if you want to keep up with the times, then you have no choice but to learn it.2. Historical and geographical reasons. As already mentioned above, English was internationally recognized in the 20th century, although it was French before it. How is this explained? In fact, everything is quite simple. England for its rich history captured a lot of land and created a considerable number of colonies. Do not forget about the emigrants who settled in North America. Such activity in Britain led to the fact that people in the conquered countries began to learn English, and now it is for them native. Of course, different dialects appeared, but the basis remained the same. For example, Canadians, Australians, Americans, Jamaicans, Nigerians, Pakistanis, Filipinos, Indians, Cameroonians, Ghanians, Singaporeans, Liberians, New Zealanders, etc. speak English. In general, English is considered official in many countries in Africa, Asia, as well as in Australia, New Zealand and North America.3. Economic and political reasons. On the world political and economic arena appeared such a power as the United States of America. This, of course, could not but affect the spread of English. He was in demand in the technical, industrial, scientific, banking and other spheres of modern life. English has gradually become the driving force of progress all over the world and almost the only way to exchange information.4. Cultural and social reasons. One cannot deny the fact that American cinema and music have become popular all over the world. Almost every modern person visits cinemas and watches Hollywood movies. Many people specially download movies on their computers without translation into Russian, but with subtitles. It's a great way to learn English at home. Do not forget about the music. Almost all world performers compose their songs in English. Fans, of course, tend to understand their texts, which means they begin to learn words, increasing their knowledge in English. Moreover, the spread of the English language was promoted by literature. Many modern American writers are popular all over the world, their books are bought in millions of copies. Many people prefer to purchase works by such a writer as Stephen King. Of course, books are brought to our country already translated, but we should not forget about technological progress. Today, many people buy e-books, which can be downloaded thousands of different works.Going back to the political and economical reason, it was right to mention that US is one of the key player on the world scene and in the preference of studying corporate English jargon, obviously, American version is dominating in the world. And even arrogant British have to adopt to the current situation. 2. Analysis of obtained dataConducting the research on the theme it was discovered that the modern state of science has intensified both the development of all spheres of life in general, and linguistic in particular, and above all, the lexical system. This stage of development of the lexical system is characterized by the formation of a special lexicon, which is rich in professionalism. Many professionalisms, previously used only in a narrow circle of specialists, are now known to a wide audience. Therefore, today we can speak not only about professional jargon, but also about special sublanguages ​​of various spheres (marketing, economics, programming, military science, etc.), in which it is usually used.In this article, analyzing the functioning of professionalism, as components of professional jargon in economic discourse, can be provided next results:The main feature of corporate jargon is that it is the result of a language game subordinated to the principles of emotional expression. For example, recently in the business environment a new noun "gold-collar workers" is used, essentially representing a word game similar to the long-established "blue-collar workers" or "white-collar workers" and meaning employees who retained jobs after reduction staff.It should be noted that the official-business style of speech is very specific and formalized. It is believed that economic discourse contains emotionally neutral vocabulary. Business partners, as a rule, did not usually use emotional vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, metaphors in their speech, as the activity of any company imposes certain restrictions on the speech behavior of people. While inside one corporation, especially American one it could be very common to use emotional and idiomatic expressions. For example they could such expressions as: Mushroom principle [n.]A management practice that involves keeping subordinates in the dark and feeding them shit.Mom-and-pop [n.]A small-time operation.Meat on the bone [n.]Profits. "Give me a month. One good land will put more meat on the bone."Meat and potatoes [v.]Basic or traditional. "Your meat and potatoes approach isn't going to work with this crowd."Suggested by Mrs. B. Trellis of North Wales.Make waves [v.]To cause conflict or argument.Making sausage [v.]When employees discuss potential financial gains from a customer, in the presence of the customer. "The next time I catch you making sausage in front of a client, you're fired."As well, it is difficult to argue that the use of such nouns as monster (monster) in the meaning of "popular commodity, bringing in income", big wheel "important person", fat cat "rich man", cooking the books "fake financial accounts", hawking smth round (imposition goods) gives an emotional color to the speech of American businessmen.Consequently, it can be argued that English-speaking professional jargon is a social dialect, differing from standard English by specific vocabulary and phraseology, a higher level of expressiveness.It is generally believed that the main function of jargon is to express belonging to an independent social group through the use of specific words, forms and phrases. As a rule, professional and corporate jargon is characterized by a high degree of corporate isolation. Representatives of professional groups can use jargon in order to embarrass someone. For example, aftcast is a professionalism originally used in meteorology to designate a method for calculating weather conditions after the fact. In business, it is used in an ironic context with meaning - a report, a report - with an ironic meaning, as an antonym of the word forecast.Johnson, show me our aftcast on sales.Johnson, show me our "so-called" report.Brain fart - "glitch", "mental error"I just had a brain fart.I got an eclipse on me.Since corporate jargon is understood as "the words and expressions characteristic of speeches of representatives of a particular profession or field of activity, penetrating into general literary use (mainly in oral speech) and usually acting as vernacular, emotionally colored equivalents of terms" they are used as accepted in a certain professional group are prosthetic equivalents and tend to move from the professional sphere to the common one. If you want to be economically educated you have to know the basic business talk terms. Analyzing the studied information, it could be said that the basic corporate jargon in American English and British English has same terms and their interpretation, a part of some Abbreviations which have different meanings. On the international level economist and other professionals are tended to use generalized jargon. While inside the local companies, local corporate jargon is highly used. It can be said that the language is characterized by frequent mutual transitions. Being in various linguistic or sociocultural situations, linguistic phenomena can be transformed, the transition from one to another. Analyzing the professional speech, N.K. Garbovsky identifies two types of corporate jargon. The first type includes professionalism, which are doublets of special terms, units of lexical-phraseological level, as well as stylistically lowered slang expressions. The second kind includes professionally marked variants of individual forms of expression of the general literary language, that is, altered forms, variants of pronunciation, accentuations, inflections, which in the general literary language are regarded as non-normative. A number of researchers argue that corporate jargons are used mainly in informal conditions of communication in colloquial speech of specialists on professional topics, in contrast to special vocabulary, used in formal conditions of communication, both verbally and in writing. Communication in corporate or professional jargon is possible only between representatives of one profession, if the subject of conversation does not go beyond the narrow professional topics. Features of professional jargon can be displayed on the phonetic, grammatical and lexical levels.Corporate jargon should not be confused with special sublanguages, which are distinguished by precise terminology in one or another professional field. Professional jargons are lexically and stylistically heterogeneous and differ in their instability and speed of succession of the most popular vocabulary.The main difference between the special sublanguage and the jargon was always the presence of a written form. However, lately it has seen the use of not only oral but also written forms of professional jargon. This is due to the openness and greater democratization of modern society.The vocabulary used in business discourse, as a rule, is neutral. Although not only in oral speech, but also in written communication, emotional-evaluative and expressive means are used. For example, in such a genre of business communication as a press conference, the functions of communication and the influence of the speaker on the interlocutor can be realized simultaneously, and the difference in functions and predetermines the use of professional jargon by business partners.In written business discourse (articles, business letters, memorandums, contracts, reports, minutes of meetings, etc.), not only phrasal stamps, standardized stylistic clichés are used (We are looking forward to hearing from you soon. Would you please send me price lists and catalogs?), But also professional jargons ("Angels are willing to invest in some of their gains in new ventures.") "Successful entrepreneurs want to invest some of their profits in new ventures." The CEO made it clear that if the Bloomington plant could not solve their labor unrest, that the dog would be placed on the market for sale. "The director let us understand , that if the plant in Birlington cannot resolve its labor disputes, this "illiquid" (dog) will be put up for auction. "Corporate jargon is characterized by a high degree of metaphoricality. Metaphor is a constantly evolving linguistic phenomenon. Possessing numerous functions and meanings, it assumes a wide range of directions for interpretation. At the heart of metaphorical transfer, similarities can be made in terms of various characteristics, such as color, sound, shape, physical action, sensation, size, purpose, time, taste, smell, property, etc. Metaphorical transfer is considered as one of the main ways of forming an English-speaking professional jargon that performs a number of functions in business discourse, denoting new special phenomena by existing names, figuratively explaining special terms, giving speech emotional and expressive coloring. Metaphor is not designed for literal perception, therefore it is inseparable from the context.For example, in the British magazine "The Economist" there are various examples of metaphorical expression:The Company has too many balls in the air. (play several balls at once) / The company is too scattered.Wearing too many hats. (wearing many hats at once) / Combining a large number of functions reduces the productivity of employees.Suits are influential middle-aged managers (it's about people who wear tight suits in the office)."They had to employ some suits to make their start-up look more reliable".They had to hire several "jackets" to make their young company look more reliable.Same for the American corporate jargon:Monday morning quarterback / A person who offers criticism only after something negative has occurred.Are we on the same page? — do you agree with me? i.e. I’ve explained as thoroughly as I feel the need to, so are we on the same page?Plug-and-play — technology I don’t understand but presume to be simple, i.e. You don’t have to worry about the details of the new point of sale service, it’s a real plug-and-play tool.As other ways of forming new jargon terms, one can cite a deviation from the norms of the linguistic standard and the use of acronyms as integral lexical units.Here an example of violation of the norms of the language standard. The noun "agreeance" often occurs instead of "agreement" to give the statement a greater significance, importance:John and I were in agreeance about the future of the business.John and I absolutely agree on the future of our company.The use of acronyms is one of the most common ways of creating professional jargons in both American and British English:B2A - business to anybody - an ironic neoplasm used in a counterbalance to B2B - business to business, B2C - business to customer, B2G - business to government.Their company is a small profitable B2A with a strong desire for success.Their company is a small profitable business for all with a strong desire for success.An example of a sound truncation can be the recently appeared, but already widely used noun "webinar" (Internet conference or seminar in real time), created by adding two words "web" + "seminar" with the subsequent truncation of the syllable "sem".English-speaking words and morphemes are widely included in professional lexical systems of other languages. However, in English you can find examples of learning foreign words or morphemes. An example of such assimilation was the spread in the professional sphere of network technologies of the morpheme "wiki" (from Hawaiian "wikiwiki", literally meaning "fast"). (Wikipedia, Wikileaks, Wikidictionary, Wikitravel).Thus, corporate jargon is a set of simplified words to denote concepts that are used by professionals in a certain field. And, corporate jargon serves, as a rule, for the simplicity of not only verbal, but also written communication. As the research shows, communication participants, in addition to neutral vocabulary, can also use professional jargon as emotional-evaluative and expressive means for expressing: 1) the speaker's subjective attitude to the subject of speech, and 2) the transmission of emotions. Expressivity as a specific category of language in business communication is a combination of several connotative aspects - evaluation, emotionality, imagery, intensity. The metaphorical expressions in this case serve as a vivid proof of both the unity of the common thought, the concept and the image, and the qualitative uniqueness of the image.The vocabulary of professional jargon is built on the basis of the standard language through metaphorization, metonymization, re-writing, rethinking meaning, sound truncation, as well as learning foreign words and morphemes both in British and American English. ConclusionThe study of the problem of jargon, highlighting its main characteristics, features, classifications and functions were studied by many foreign and domestic researchers: L.I. Smirnitsky (1956), V.A. Khomyakov (1968), A.D. Schweitzer (1977), E. Partridge (1979), I.V. Arnold (1981), M.Makovsky (1982), E.M. Beregovskaya (1996), I.A. Zavgorodny (2002), A.G. Andreeva (2004), M.A. Gracheva (2005), L.Yu. The Queen (2006), I.O. Morozova (2006), E.S. Tarakanova (2006), D.V. Chistyakov (2009) and others.In modern linguistics, the term "jargon" refers to words and expressions characteristic of a particular profession or occupation. Representatives of one profession can use jargon to describe special phenomena for which there are no names in standard vocabulary or they are too complicated to perceive.As features of this linguistic phenomenon, D.V. Chistyakov singles out the play of words, the propensity to violate the norms of the linguistic standard, the frequent use of new derivational models. Professional jargon is understood as the language of a particular professional field or industry. Suzilovsky, 1973; Vorobyova, 1991; Foos, 2004; Queen, 2006 identify the concepts of "jargon" and "special slang", by which they understand the fashionable layer of vocabulary, actively used in a certain period of time by members of a particular social group and created specifically for communication within this group. V.A. Khomiakov included in the special slang such concepts as jargons (professional or corporate), cant (argo), rhyming slang (back slang, center / medial slang).This research was also aimed to study corporate jargon and to identify the corporate jargon in economic discourse both in American and British English, comparing and distinguish the features and differences of both. According to the goal set it can be drawn the next conclusions. In the nowadays world it is very important to be able to communicate and to understand what your companion wants to say. That's why it's important to have common vocabulary in the sphere of economics. USA and UK definitely have a different attitude toward corporate jargon and vocabulary, but, 85% of the professional jargon is same for both English speaking countries. What is different is the approach that both countries have: UK is more strictly follow the grammar rules, and they lack spontaneity and expressiveness (especially irony and pejorative undertones). US has the informal jargon language consisting of pure jargon abbreviations, metaphoric phrases and slang expressions. US jargon is characterized by considerable lexical productivity, grammatical flexibility, figurativeness, playfulness in meanings, and association. We can describe this type of jargon as an informal and often humorous version of the professional language. The terminology of professional jargon differs from the informal jargon, but both are relatively stable and well established among its users. British corporate jargon is also more characterized by borrowing from Latin and French. But at the same time we can't say that US don't do it at all.Economists use a lot of jargon expressions, and this is justified. When they talk about a "comparative advantage," or "aggregate factor productivity," or about "neutrality of money," they use this phrase to designate a concept developed as a result of decades of debate and debate. Attempts to state this in ordinary English every time you use the concept will be a waste of time and create conditions for confusion.However, jargon can be dangerous primarily because it is used to give pompous speech and / or can be misused, creating confusion, rather than clarifying.There are a lot of words that we are using not only for business and economic related conversations, but also in daily life, and on the one hand it can show your level of education but on the other hand you can be considered as a snob and will lead to misunderstanding. Corporate slang is a kind of universal language for the internal use. This language allows colleagues to understand each other, to correlate themselves with defined professional environment.It should be noted that this style of speech is very specific and formalized. It is believed that business discourse contains emotionally neutral vocabulary. Business partners, previously, as a rule, did not use emotional language in their speech, idiomatic expressions, metaphors, since the activities of any company imposes certain restrictions on the speech behavior of people. All of the abovecan be attributed to the language of official documents, business letters,intentions and other document circulation, where compliance with certain formsdocument, language norms is necessary from the point of view of the language of legal andnomenclatural norms. Thus, this was due to strict regulation of the objectivescommunications. But with the big role of the US on the world economic scene now it would be a great misconception to think that the business process communication is not emotional. The goals of professional voice communication in economic discourse isn't not limited to formal workflow, butinclude intercultural and intersectional relations with business partners, successful possession of professional jargon, accepted in this field, for achievement of the assigned tasks.BibliographyCannon G. Abbreviations and acronyms in English word-formation // American Speech. 2009. Vol. 64. №2. Algeo J. The acronym and its congeners //American Speech. 2001. Vol. 55. N 3. P. 272.https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/04/business-speak/361135/Beauchamp, K. History of Telegraph, London, UK: The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2001Orwell, G. Politics and the English Language,2013 Penguin Books. Peters, J.D. Dialogue and Dissemination. In Speaking into the Air, US: University of Chicago Press. 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