Geografical, regional and dialectal variants of American English

As a matter of fact, professional jargons are at the same time group (corporate) as collectives of their carriers are United both by uniform professional activity, and intra-group (corporate) communications. Among the actual group (corporate) jargon include youth jargon, jargon of students, students, etc.S. B. Flexner notes that young people between the ages of 17 and 24 are the most active element forming American slang. Being the most receptive to new trends, fashions and attitudes, collectives of youth and students constantly create slang neologisms reflecting these attitudes and changing value orientation of youth groups [Wentworth, 1975].In the 60-70s, youth slang received a lot of jargon from the speech of hippies. Moreover, youth is one of the most powerful channels of popularization and assimilation of jargon in General slang and - in some cases-in the colloquial vocabulary of the literary language.It is also necessary to dwell on another kind of social dialects-the Argo of the underworld. According to V. A. Khomyakov, the main function of Argo is the function of conspiratorial (esoteric) communication, although Argo can also be used as a kind of emotional and expressive means [Khomyakov, 1971].Like other social dialects, Argo arises spontaneously, with the need for intra-group communication and its inherent unifying and excretory functions, which unite the social group and oppose it to the rest. Analysis of the language tools used by Argo suggests that they are no more "classified" than those inherent in professional and group jargon, as well as General slang. Cf., for example, a fairly transparent internal form of argotisms hit man "assassin", squeal "inform the police", songbird "informer", pineapple "bomb", blot out "kill". But even in those cases where the internal form of egotism not as clear speech situation and context, as a rule, help to clarify its meaning.Ergotism are formed on the same models and units of slang in General. This fact, as well as communication media Argo with representatives of other groups promote the penetration of ergotism in General slang and communicative-social subsystem is the American variant of English language. There are cases of parallel use of some units in the Argo of the underworld and in the lexicon Black English (reefers "cigarettes with marijuana"), in Argo and in military slang (typewriter "machine gun, machine gun"). It is also worth noting that some ergotism are used simultaneously in several specialized jargons. For example, the verb to skin "disarm" has come into use both in the underworld and among police and military personnel.Thus, in its functions and in its structure, Argo is an organic element of slang.The fate of jargon and argot is not the same. Many of them, as noted above, are rapidly falling out of use due to the natural aging process of slang and argot vocabulary. Others continue to exist in so-called common slang. The process of transition from a special vocabulary of slang in General slang is sometimes not accompanied by any semantic change.Let us dwell on the question of the status of General slang. Common slang is one of the components of the common vernacular, located outside the literary language. Colloquial literary speech is not separated from General slang by rigid and unambiguously defined boundaries. Between literary vocabulary and slang is an intermediate "gray zone", where an unambiguous assessment of a unit is difficult.According to sociolinguists, there is indeed a significant difference between units of special and General slang. Units of special slang are associated with the social stratification of society and, ultimately, with certain aspects of its social differentiation-socio-group, professional, socio-demographic, etc. Possession of one or another special slang indicates belonging to a particular group, and sometimes - to several groups, and sometimes reflects the life path of the American.Lexical units of special slang - jargon and argotisms-reflect the special attitudes of members of a social group, their inherent sense of solidarity and sometimes hostile, hostile, mocking attitude to outsiders. Thus, the units of special slang reflect not only the objective but also the subjective side of the social differentiation of language and, therefore, are among the stratification variables. However, they all show a certain sensitivity to the social situation. Language material indicates that they are units of a special register, reflecting the friendly, familiar relations between communicants. That is why these units have a certain dependence on role relations and other parameters of the social and speech situation. In other words, units of special slang are also situational variables.In contrast to these units, units of common slang, which are part of the common vernacular, not limited to the framework of a component of the social structure, are variables that reflect only the situational and stylistic variability of the language. This is the distinctive feature of General slang.However, units of General and special slang have a number of common features. For example, in the formation of units of both General and special slang, a significant role is played by metaphorical transfer, word production, the use of slang affixes, "words-suffixes", doubling, truncation, rhyme. All these models of education are aimed at creating increased expression, which requires periodic updating of linguistic resources of slang. The widespread use of these means, in one way or another connected with the word game, is characteristic of all varieties of slang, General and special.Slang is one of the sources of replenishment of the vocabulary of the American version of literary English and one of the elements of American culture. The transience of language processes unfolding in slang before our very eyes makes it a natural experimental laboratory for observing the functioning of language in a social context.ConclusionSumming up and analyzing the collected materials, it is obvious that the goal of the course work was achieved. In the course of this work, the following conclusions were obtained:1. An analysis of the linguistic situation in the United States shows that at the level of the sound system, as well as at the lexical level, a certain territorial, temporal and social variation of the American version of the English language is noted.2. In the English language in the United States, one can well trace the use of one or another functional style in accordance with a certain class of social-speech situations that is relevant for a given society.3. In the "socialization" of territorial and territorial-ethnic dialects, a regularity finds its manifestation: the social differentiation of English in the USA becomes its leading feature in comparison with other types of its differentiation - territorial, ethnic, etc. In the American version of the English language all varieties of social dialects - professional dialects, group, or corporate, jargons and jargons (argo) of declassified elements of society.4. Black English refers to a socio-ethnic dialect with its own rules, which for many years has been a source of borrowing a significant number of lexical units in normalized American English.5. Among social dialects in the USA, scientists distinguish professional dialects, group (corporate) jargons, as well as jargons (argo) of declassified elements of society.In general, the modern stage in the development of the problem of social differentiation of the language is characterized by a special interest of researchers in intermediate formations - semi-dialects, interjargons, which are caused by integration processes taking place in modern societies.References1. Bartlett, John R. (1848). Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded As Peculiar to the United States. New York: Bartlett and Welford. 2. Gimson, A. C. An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. - London: Edward Arnold, 1989.3. Kenyon, John S. (1950). American pronunciation (10th ed.). 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