«Newspaper headlines translation (based on "the Times" and "The Guardian")»

followed by replacing a member of the sentence with an addition to a definition. Former Trump aid approved 'black ops' to help Ukraine president. when translating. The verb help was replaced, which was transformed into a noun (“to provide”), and the noun Ukraine, which was transformed into an adjective (“Ukrainian”) when translated. Why isn't there greater outrage about Russia's involvement in Brexit? because of Russia's role in Brexit? When translating this newspaper headline, the noun outrage was replaced with the verb "outraged." Ukraine's president defends faked murder of Russianjournalist. heading, you can see that it is possible not only to replace a noun with an adjective that occurred the most times, but also to replace an adjective with a noun. When translating into Russian, the word faked underwent a grammatical replacement, which in the translated title is expressed as a noun.The third type of grammatical substitutions within the framework of grammatical transformations is the substitution of the sentence type. 13 headings were selected, as a result of the translation of which the type of sentence was changed. This number is approximately 10% of the total number of identified cases of the use of grammatical substitutions. Most of all, simple two-part sentences in English were replaced, which were subsequently transformed into simple one-part sentences in Russian (six cases). There were also cases of replacing a simple sentence with a complex one and vice versa, a complex sentence with an allied connection with a complex sentence with an allied connection and vice versa. As a result of the translation of 11 out of 13 newspaper headlines, the change in the type of sentence led to other grammatical substitution -replacement of sentence members and sometimes corresponding parts of speech. In this regard, it is precisely such newspaper headlines that should be analyzed. Putin gets puppy and hero's welcome on Serbia trip. replacement First of all, the original sentence was transformed, which is a simple two-part sentence. The translated title is a simple one-part sentence with homogeneous members, indefinitely personal predicates (“gave”, “greeted”). In accordance with the change in the type of the sentence, the members of the sentence were also replaced: 1) The subject of the original heading Putin became an addition in the translated heading ("Putin"). 2) The word, which is an addition in the original (welcome), was transformed into one of the predicates in the title in Russian. Another grammatical substitution is also visible here - the replacement of a part of speech, namely a noun with a verb. 3) The hero's definition of the original newspaper headline has taken the form of a comparative course of action circumstance ("like a hero"). Trump's silence on Syria contrasts with his criticism of Iran. , also, first of all, it should be noted the replacement of the type of sentence. The original newspaper headline is a simple sentence, which, when translated, was transformed into a compound sentence with a coordinating union but. Since the sentence has been completely changed, many members of the sentence have also been replaced: 1) The subject of the English title silence in the translated title is transformed into a predicate (“is silent”). In this case, the part of speech of the corresponding word also changes: the noun becomes a verb. 2) The definition of Trump's becomes the subject as a result of the translation. the title criticism is transformed as a result of translation into Russian into the predicate "criticizes", which is the second predicate of the complex sentence. In this case, the part of speech is also changed - the noun changes to a verb. Italy's election poses more questions than it answers. Italy's election poses more questions than it answers. The original sentence is complex, and the two parts of the sentence are joined by the conjunction than. In the translated version of the heading, the verb poses is omitted and replaced by a colon, thereby dividing the sentence into two parts.We can conclude that the vast majority of all identified cases of the use of grammatical transformations in translation were grammatical substitutions. In the course of the study, some cases of using the method of syntactic assimilation in the translation of headings were also identified. Sentence combining transformation was found only in a few isolated cases. Since grammatical substitutions made up the majority of the identified cases of grammatical transformations, it is worthwhile to separately note the statistics of the use of various types of grammatical substitutions.2.3Lexico-grammatical transformationsThe last group of transformations used when translating from English into Russian, V.N. Komissarov highlights lexical and grammatical transformations. The scientist refers to them antonymic translation, explication, or descriptive translation, and compensation. In the course of the study of cases of the use of lexico-grammatical transformations, the fewest were singled out. Approximately 2% of all identified cases of the use of translation transformations were assigned to the group of lexico-grammatical transformations. Three cases of antonymic translation and three cases of explication were identified. Transformation compensation in the translation of English newspaper headlines into Russian was not found. So, in the future, we should consider specific cases of using antonymic translation and explication. Speaking about the application of the transformation of antonymic translation, the following headings should be noted: The Salisbury attack was appalling. But we must avoid a drift to conflict. The Salisbury poisoning was disgusting, but we must not let it slide into conflict. You can also notice the use of a different grammatical transformation, since the translator decidedForget Britain’s nuclear deterrent –here’s what Russia is really afraid of. The literal translation of this part of the title actually implies that the article deals with what Russia is afraid of. However, the translator of the original headline decides to use an antonymous translation and thus link the two parts of the compound sentence: "Forget about the British potential [...] Russia is afraid of that." Once again, Boris Johnson is a liability to Britain. Why is he still in the job? Boris Johnson has again become a source of trouble for Britain. Why hasn't he been fired yet? In this case, as a result of the translation of the title into Russian, such a transformation as an antonymic translation was also applied. Let's take a look at the interrogative sentence. His literal translation could be: "Why is he still at work?" or “Why is it still working?” However, the translator decides to create an antonymous translation: "Why hasn't he been fired yet?". Here it should also be noted the descriptive translation of the word liability. In translation into Russian, it has different meanings, for example: 1) duty; 2) responsibility; 3) hindrance, burden, obstacle. In this case, in relation to the subject, liability is used in the meaning of "hindrance, burden" for Great Britain. In this regard, the translator uses a small descriptive translation - "a source of trouble"From Cold War to Hot Peace review: Obama ambassador charts path to Trump and Russia. explications. In this case, the translator reflected the meaning of the phrase charts path in his own way. In the original, the words charts and path are predicate and object, respectively. The verb chart, translated into Russian, means “mapping”, “outlining”, “planning”, “making a table”, etc. Thus, in combination with the word path, the translation “outlines the road”, “outlines the line of movement” is possible. The translator decided to add a new predicate “tells”, while the meaning of the word-combination charts path was revealed through the addition in Russian - “about the reasons for the rise”2.4 Additions. Additions is another transformation that was highlighted in the course of this study. This transformation is used to more fully disclose the information reflected in the original header in order to transfer it to the recipient. Often in English, the so-called "relevant" verbs, which are necessary in a sentence in Russian, are omitted. It is these verbs that are restored in translation by adding. Sometimes, in order to apply this transformation, the translator has to refer to the text and add words or phrases from the original newspaper article. The addition transformation was isolated in 37 cases out of 300 identified, which is approximately 12% of the total number of identified cases of applying transformations. Some of the headlines with add-ons include the following: 1) WhiteHouseclosetorefusinginterviewwithRussiainvestigation - "The White House is close to refusing to conduct an interrogation in the framework of the investigation of the "Russian case". 2) TheresaMayaccuses Russiaoffakenewsand interferinginelections-"Theresa May accuses Russia of spreading fake news and interfering in the elections." 3) Russia'onwrongsideofhistory' overSyriachemicalweapons – “Russia has taken the wrong side on the issue of the use of chemical weapons in Syria.” ' war-heads–"US may ease restrictions on nuclear weapons and start developing more 'practical' warheads"as a result of the translation of the indicated newspaper headlines, the translator added the verbs necessary for translation into Russian, which make the expression semantically correct. 'rules-based' order but bows to Trumpon trade reforms. In the final communiqué, the G20 countries supported the 'rules-based' international order, but lost to Trump on WTO reform. Two additions were made in the translated version. The translator placed one of them in the first place in the sentence, indicating the place of action (“in the final communiqué”), which is mentioned in the text of the article itself. The definition ("international") added to the word "order" was similarly taken from the original article: rules-basedinternationalorder. Thus, indeed, additions are not always due to the absence of a verb “appropriate” for the Russian language. Sometimes, for a more complete translation, you need to refer to the article whose title is to be translated. Everything you need to know about the Midterms. precisely on the translation of the word Midterms. In this case, an addition transformation was also applied, clarifying the fact that the elections were held in the United States. Greg Miller's The Apprentice: Trump, Putin, and the Undermining of American Democracy. The following translated title also demonstrates the importance of adding clarifying information when translating English titles.2.5 Omissions unlike additions that are used to more fully reflect information, omissions of words or even phrases are used when the information transmitted in the original heading is redundant, and you can do without it when translating into Russian without losing the main idea. As it was found, this transformation was used in 28 cases from the considered list, which is 9% of all identified cases of applying various transformations. Let's take a look at some of these headlines next. The translator uses the verb “will hide” in the title, translating only tomask and omitting the present tense verb moves, which shows the intention to perform an action. In this case, the omission is permissible, since it does not distort the meaning conveyed in the title.In this example, you should notice the omission of the phrase nerveagent in the corresponding translated title. In fact, the situation mentioned in the original title, Salisbury nerve agent attack, meaning an attack with a nerve agent in Salisbury, is known to the Russian recipient. This news was one of the most popular in the political sphere, so the translator omits unnecessary information and generalizes the phrase: “Attack in Salisbury.” It was found that sometimes when translating newspaper headlines into Russian, not only individual words, but also entire segments of a sentence are omitted , which, according to the translator, probably do not carry information important for transmitting to the recipient: 1) Trump advisers ought WikiLeakse mails via Farageally, Mueller documentalleges–“Trump’s adviser tried to get emails that got to WikiLeaks through Farage’s ally.” As a result of the translation of the presented newspaper headline in the Russian version, part of the original heading after the comma is omitted. In this case, you can see that when translating the English title into Russian, the second part of the complex sentence was omitted after the dash sign. 3) 'I was petrified': officer poisoned by novichok tells of 'emotional battering' emotional upheaval." As a result of the translation of this newspaper headline, the quote at the beginning has been omitted. Since the further information contained in the title actually explains the phrase Iwaspetrified, the translator decides to omit it when translating into Russian. 4) Theresa May's draft Brexit deal: what is it and wha thappens next? “Theresa May has a draft deal on Brexit.” In this heading, you should notice the information omitted by the translator after the colon. As you can see, this kind of omission does not cause understatement, while focusing on the main information of the original title in English2.6 Permutations“Along with additions and deletions, permutations are also often encountered when translating titles from English into Russian. In the course of the study, 36 newspaper headlines were identified that were rearranged during the translation process, and this is 12% of all identified cases of transformations. Most often, permutations are due to a change in the order of words, their movements in a sentence as a result of translation. Such changes are mainly associated with another transformation - the replacement of the members of the proposal. Ukraine president proposes martial. Law after Russia's ships eizure. After Russia's seizure of Ukrainian boats, President Poroshenko proposes to introduce martial law. This example shows a change in word order. In the translated heading, the circumstance is put in the first place, as is most often the case in Russian, and the order of all other members of the sentence is also changed. Russia faces barrage of criticism at UN over novichok attack”In this case, the circumstance of place was rearranged at the beginning of the heading. At the same time, a number of additions were made to the translated heading: the place of action (the UN Security Council) was specified and the specification “using” was added. Trump must not be allowed to dictate Venezuela's democratic recovery. Trump must not be allowed to dictate Venezuela's democratic recovery. As a result of other translational transformations, it could not fail to occur. So, as a result of the translation into Russian, the type of sentence was replaced: the original simple two-part sentence is transformed into a simple one-part infinitive sentence in Russian. Accordingly, the subject in the resulting heading is omitted and converted into an addition that follows the predicate. In the Russian headline, you can also see the translated definition of Venezuela's moved to the end of the headline. Forget Brexit, war in Ukraine is the biggest threat to Europe. Forget Brexit, the biggest threat to Europe is the war in Ukraine. Another example, in the translation of which such a transformation as a permutation was applied. In this case, in the heading translated into Russian, the main members of the sentence were rearranged and, accordingly, the definition related to the subject, the definition related to the predicate, as well as the addition. As you know, English is an analytical language, and in a sentence in English there is an established word order: first comes the subject, then the predicate. The Russian language is synthetic, therefore, in a sentence in Russian, various permutations of words are possible. Including when translating the newspaper headline in question, it wasAs a result of the translation of the next newspaper headline, the words in the original sentence were also rearranged. In this case, there was a replacement of the members of the proposal, namely the subject to the addition and additions to the subject. Such substitutions and, as a result, a change in the order of words in the translated title followed as a result of changing the passive voice of the predicate (beingassessed) to the active voice (“studies”). In this case, the subject of the original heading dossier was translated into the dossier appendix, and the original FBI appendix into the subject. Novichok used in spy poisoning, chemical weapons watchdog confirms. the field of chemical weapons. First of all, in this example of the translation of a newspaper headline, the second part of the complex sentence should be noted. As a result of the translation of the English title into Russian, the subject and predicate were rearranged. This transformation is necessary from the point of view of the Russian language. In this example, you should also pay attention to the first part of the complex sentence of the title. As a result of the translation, the passive voice of the predicate and, accordingly, all members of the sentence were preserved. However, the subject was rearranged, which can be associated with differences in relation to the topic-rheme in English and Russian.2.7 – Summary of ResultsIn the secondchapter of this work, eachgroup of translationtransformationsproposed in the classification by V.N. Komissarov, as well asthreevarieties of transformationsidentified by L.S. Barkhudarov. As a result of the study, headlines of the British newspaper The Guardian and The Times, their translatedcounterparts in Russian, wereanalyzed.Takinginto account the predominantuse of grammaticaltransformations in translation, it wasalsorevealed that of all cases of their use, fell on grammaticalsubstitutions, syntacticassimilation and less of all on sentenceaggregation. At the same time, the main grammaticalreplacementsas a result of translationwerereplacements of sentencemembersand replacements of parts of speech .. Whentranslating the remainingnewspaperheadlines, at least two cases of transformationswereidentified.CONCLUSIONThe newspaperheadline is of greatimportance in the newspaper and journalisticdiscourse. It is an importantpart of a newspaperarticle and performs a number of functions. It is the title that is the source that makes the reader learn more about the informationcontained in the article. The headlineattracts the reader's eye with itsbrightness, which is expressedthroughvariouslexical and stylisticfeatures, brevity and at the same time informativeness. In modern times, the study of newspaperheadlines is reallyrelevant. In a rapidlydeveloping world in whichinformation plays an essentialrole, newspaperheadline is an integralpart. It conciselyreflects all the informationnecessary for the reader, so the newspaperheadlineshouldclearly and clearlyreflect the meaninginherent in the article. Such a feature of headlines is reallynecessary in a constant flow of information.Due to the importance of newspaperheadlines, one shouldtakeinto account the differences in newspaperheadlines from different countries and, accordingly, different languages, in particularheadlines in English. Eachlanguagereflects this or that information in itsownway, therefore it is equallyimportant to pay attention to the study of the peculiarities of the translation of foreignheadlines. translation of titles from English into Russian. As a result of the study, all the taskssetweresolved, and as a result, the main goal of the workwasachieved. Due to the constantdevelopment of languages, newspaperheadlines are alsosubject to change. This confirms the need for constantstudy of newspaperheadlines and their translationmethods in order to identify new features.REFERENCES1.Арнольд, И.В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык : учебник учебник для вузов / И.В. Арнольд. –5-е изд., испр. и доп. –М. : Флинта : Наука, 2002. –384 с.2. Бархударов, Л.С. Язык и перевод (Вопросы общей и частной теории перевода) / Л.С. Бархударов. –М. : Междунар. отношения, 1975. –240 с.3. Белова, Ю.А. Смысл газетного заголовка: трудности интерпретации / Ю.А. 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