Changes in the newborn early after birth

These reflexes include the functioning of major body systems such as breathing, circulation, digestion, and others. They also include defence reflexes, such as closing the eyes and squeezing the eyes when the eyelids are touched, or squeezing the eyes shut in bright light.The newborn also has orientation reflexes, such as the search reflex when the upper lip is pressed and turning the head towards a light source. In addition, it may have atavistic reflexes, such as the grasping reflex, in which the baby grasps the fingers of an adult placed in its hand, or the spontaneous crawling reflex – when the baby, while on its stomach, turns its head to the side and crawls without the help of hands. The child may also exhibit an automatic gait when held under the arms and bent forward, and have stepping movements without arm movements.The presence of these innate reflexes indicates that the newborn's central nervous system is sufficiently mature functionally. However, most of these reflexes disappear during the first year of life. The Moreau reaction is manifested by lightly tapping or shaking the pad. The child's arms and legs diverge symmetrically and close together in the shape of an arch. Another reflex, called «crawling», is characterized by pushing the legs away from the soles of the support placed to them. When the child is placed belly down and touched to his feet with a pillow or a board, he pushes off and moves slightly forward. In this way, by moving the pillow, the child can be made to crawl some distance.It is also worth mentioning the reflex of «automatic walking». When holding the child's legs on the knees, you can observe alternating movements that imitate walking. Also known is the swimming reflex, which manifests itself when the newborn gets into the water and begins to perform swimming movements.One interesting fact about newborns is that they often open their eyes when they are lifted and placed upright. This phenomenon is called the «doll's eye effect». With age, by about 1-1.5 months of age, a newborn's sensitivity to light decreases significantly (Brazelton, 1986).Discussion & ConclusionThis paper explores the immediate changes that take place in newborns right after they are born. It delves into a thorough examination of the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, and digestive systems of newborns during this significant period.According to the results of the work done, it becomes obvious that the neonatal period is characterized by functional immaturity of all organs and systems, especially the central nervous system. In the early neonatal period, the newborn adapts to life in new conditions, the respiratory system begins to function, the circulatory system is rebuilt, and the digestive system begins to function. The late neonatal period is characterized by further adaptation to the environment, weight and body length increase intensively, analyzers develop, conditioned reflexes and coordination of movements begin to form.The adaptation period is a period of time during which the infant learns and adapts to new living conditions. During the period of intrauterine life, the infant functions in a certain way, but after birth a major reorganization of all organs and systems takes place. They begin to function and interact in a different way. The task of the neonatologist in the physiology department during the first 3-4 days is to monitor the adaptation process, including analyzing how the infant adapts to the new living conditions and how it enters the new phase of its existence.In conclusion, studying neonatal development holds immense significance, as it uncovers crucial insights into various aspects of human development, health, and well-being. 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