The history of dictionary making
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1. Early Forms of Dictionaries 4
2 The Role and Importance of Tables and Glossaries in the Ancient World 5
3. The influence of the printing press invention on the development of lexicography 6
4. Famous Dictionary Projects of the XIV-XVII Centuries 7
5. Importance of developing the national language and creating a unified dictionary 8
6. The significance of lexicographic research in different countries 9
7. Technological innovations and changes in vocabulary in XX century and modernity 10
8. Multilingual dictionaries and electronic resources 12
9. Current trends in the creation of dictionaries 12
CONCLUSION 14
REFERENCES 15
New phenomena and trends, such as social networks, smartphones, globalization, machine learning and artificial intelligence, generate new words and expressions that require immediate inclusion in dictionaries.As a result, technological innovations and changes in dictionary work in the XX century and the present have radically changed the approach to the creation and use of dictionaries. They have made dictionaries more accessible, convenient and informative, and also allowed us to better understand and use the language in our daily lives.8. Multilingual dictionaries and electronic resourcesMultilingual dictionaries and electronic resources are incredibly useful tools in learning and using various languages. They allow you to easily and quickly find translations of words and phrases between different languages, as well as get information about grammar, synonyms, antonyms and other linguistic features. Multilingual dictionaries are of great value for students, translators, tourists and anyone interested in learning new languages. They allow you to learn the meaning and context of the use of words in different languages, which helps to develop translation skills and communicate more accurately in a foreign language. Electronic resources, such as online dictionaries and translators, have made the process of obtaining information and translating words much more convenient and accessible. They allow you to quickly find translations, as well as get explanations of grammatical rules and examples of the use of words. Resources such as Google Translate, Linguee, Babylon and others offer a large number of language pairs, which allows you to translate words and phrases between more than two languages. This is especially useful in an international context, where it is often necessary to translate not only from your native language into a foreign one, but also between two foreign languages. This is especially true in today's rapidly changing world, where the emergence of new technologies and language trends requires constant updating of the lexical base and information in dictionaries [5, p. 281-284].Thus, multilingual dictionaries and electronic resources are indispensable assistants in learning and using foreign languages. They offer extensive databases with words, translations, contexts and other information that facilitate our language learning and improve the quality of communication in a multilingual world.9. Current trends in the creation of dictionariesModern trends in the creation of dictionaries reflect the progress and changes in the language and its use. More and more attention is being paid to relevance based on modern linguistic and lexicographic research. The use of the latest technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, allows you to create dictionaries with a more accurate and complete coverage of words and their meanings. Algorithms and programs are used to collect and analyze large volumes of texts, which allows you to identify the frequency of words, their use and trends in the language. Modern dictionaries also take into account the context and different meanings of the word in different spheres of life and fields of knowledge. Specialized dictionaries, such as medical, legal, technical dictionaries, etc., provide accurate and detailed definitions that meet the requirements of specialists in their respective fields [7, p. 17]. Dictionaries also actively include various opinions and comments from experts and scientists who provide additional information about the origin of words, their historical and cultural context. This helps not only to understand the meanings of words, but also to know how they have developed and been used over time. In addition, modern dictionaries tend to be more convenient and accessible to users. Online dictionaries are supplemented with new features, such as usage examples, audio, grammatical explanations and additional information in the form of links and articles. Some dictionaries also offer visual and interactive indicators such as synonyms, antonyms and related words to help users expand their vocabulary and improve their language proficiency. One of the important trends of modern dictionaries is the inclusion of new words and expressions that arise in a rapidly changing world. Words related to technology, social networks, ecology, entertainment and other spheres of life are constantly appearing and being used, and dictionaries should reflect these changes and the diversity of the language.Thus, modern trends in the creation of dictionaries reflect the needs and expectations of users, as well as the desire for completeness and accuracy. They combine linguistic research, technological progress and expert opinion to create a modern and informative vocabulary resource that helps people better understand and use language in the modern world.CONCLUSIONStudying the history of the creation of dictionaries opens up to us the wonderful world of lexicography and its evolution over the centuries. During the research, it became clear that dictionaries are an indispensable tool for learning and understanding the language. They not only provide definitions of words, but also explain their origin, meanings, usage, etc. In addition, dictionaries serve as the basis for various linguistic studies and help preserve the historical heritage of the language. Dictionaries are especially important in modern society. In the era of globalization, when interlanguage communication has become an integral part of our lives, dictionaries help people to understand foreign languages and provide information about the meaning and use of words in various languages. In addition, dictionaries play an important role in education. They are an integral part of the curriculum and help students expand their vocabulary, improve spelling and grammar. This work examines historical issues in the development of dictionaries and lexicography. Examples of the first dictionaries are given, and prospects for the further development of dictionaries and lexicography are considered. The work needs more detailed study as part of larger works.Modern lexicography continues to evolve and adapt to the new requirements and needs of society. With the advent of computers and the Internet, electronic dictionaries and reference books have appeared, which greatly facilitate access to information and speed up the process of finding the right words.Also, with the increase in interlanguage communication and the emergence of new language trends, lexicography should be constantly updated and make changes to its dictionaries. In general, the development of lexicography is aimed at creating more complete, accessible and relevant dictionaries that will reflect all aspects of the language and meet the needs of modern society. However, despite all the technical innovations, classical paper dictionaries still remain an integral part of culture and heritage, their value cannot be overestimated.REFERENCESМариноваЕ. В. Современные тенденции развития русской лексикографии,– 2018. – 184 с.НикитинO. В. Основные этапы развития русской лексикографии: от ручных словарей до электрических, – 2013. – 198 с.Шапошников Б. В. История развития словарей русского языка, – 2013. –112 с.Harper, Douglas. “Etymology Online: A Brief History of the English Dictionary.” Online Etymology Dictionary. – 2022. – 401 с.Holmes, Janet. “The Future of the Dictionary: An Interview with Professor Janet Holmes.” Lexicography 3. – 2015. – 316 с.Hüning, Anette, and BirgitteGøbel. “Lexicography and Language Documentation: Challenges and Opportunities.” Lexikos 26, no. 1. – 2016.– 27-47 с.Malmkjaer, Kirsten. “Historical Dictionaries: An Overview.” Lexikos. 20, no. 1. –2014. –18с.Matthews, P. H. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. - Oxford: University Press, 2007. – 450 c.Spooner, A. Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms. - Oxford: University Press, 19c.Stubbs, Michael. “Linguistics and Historical Dictionaries: A Plea for Greater Interaction.” Historical Dictionaries and Historical Societies: A Global Perspective. – 2017. – 306 с.
2.Никитин O. В. Основные этапы развития русской лексикографии: от ручных словарей до электрических, – 2013. – 198 с.
3.Шапошников Б. В. История развития словарей русского языка, – 2013. –112 с.
4.Harper, Douglas. “Etymology Online: A Brief History of the English Dictionary.” Online Etymology Dictionary. – 2022. – 401 с.
5.Holmes, Janet. “The Future of the Dictionary: An Interview with Professor Janet Holmes.” Lexicography 3. – 2015. – 316 с.
6.Hüning, Anette, and Birgitte Gøbel. “Lexicography and Language Documentation: Challenges and Opportunities.” Lexikos 26, no. 1. – 2016. – 27-47 с.
7.Malmkjaer, Kirsten. “Historical Dictionaries: An Overview.” Lexikos. 20, no. 1. –2014. –18 с.
8.Matthews, P. H. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. - Oxford: University Press, 2007. – 450 c.
9.Spooner, A. Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms. - Oxford: University Press, 19c.
10.Stubbs, Michael. “Linguistics and Historical Dictionaries: A Plea for Greater Interaction.” Historical Dictionaries and Historical Societies: A Global Perspective. – 2017. – 306 с.