Война за независимость Ирландии

The head of state was recognized as the British king, who was represented by the governor-general. Irish parliamentarians had to swear allegiance to the ISG constitution and the British King George V. Northern Ireland received the right to withdraw from the ISG within a month, which it immediately took advantage of. The boundaries of its territory were determined by the Border Commission that was being created, which never began work. Britain retained control of some Irish ports, and the ISG assumed the obligation to service part of the United Kingdom's debt and provide land payments for land that had once belonged to English landlords.The terms of the signed peace treaty for Ireland were a forced compromise and were not easy for the Irish delegation. In his memoirs, Churchill shares his observations of Collin's emotions during the signing of the document: “He had the expression of a man ready to kill someone, most likely himself. In all my life I have never seen a face on which so much passion and restrained suffering could be read.”32 Collins himself said that he signed his own death warrant that morning, although he was convinced that in those circumstances the terms of the agreement were the most realistic.Unfortunately, the signed treaty did not lead to peace, as a civil war broke out between its supporters and opponents. But the people of Ireland were given, however limited, the opportunity to build a national life or, as Collins puts it, freedom, in order to achieve freedom. On this occasion, Churchill wrote: “At this memorable moment history changed its direction, and the streams of fate flowed along new channels and into new seas.”After the treaty was ratified by Doyle and Westminster, it received royal assent and became law on 31 March 1922. The adoption of the ISG constitution on December 6, 1922 is considered the official date of the creation of the modern Irish state.During the difficult period of post-war devastation, revolutionary upheavals and the collapse of empires, both sides of the conflict, after two years of hostilities, were able to agree to a truce. The powerful British Empire, however, under the influence of circumstances, found the opportunity to begin negotiations with “separatists and bandits,” in the words of Churchill, and sign a peace treaty with the unrecognized republic, which became the starting point of its movement towards genuine unrecognized dependencies.List of referencesCherchill' U. Mirovoikrizis. 1918–1925 [The World Crisis. 1918–1925]. Moskva, 2014. (InRuss.)Colum K. Midnight in London: The Anglo-Irish Treaty Crisis 1921. Dublin, 2022.Connell J.E.A., jnr. The Shadow War. Michael Collins and the Policy of Violence. Dublin, 2019.Coogan T.P. De Valera. Long Fellow, Long Shadow. London, 1995.Friemann G. “The British were braced for failure”. How the Anglo Irish Treaty of 1921 was negotiated // The Irish Times. 4.ХI.2021. URL: https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/the-british-were-braced-for-failure-how-the-anglo-irish-treaty-of-1921-was-negotiated-1.4743814 (access date: 29.03.2024).Friemann G. The Treaty. The gripping story of the negotiations that brought about Irish independence and led to civil war. Newbridge, 2021.Ireland 1922. Independence, Partition, Civil War / eds D. Gannon, F. McGarry. Dublin, 2022.Kenny С. Midnight in London: The Anglo-Irish Treaty Crisis 1921. Dublin, 2022.McGreevy R. Claim of British trickery in Anglo-Irish Treaty talks ‘debunked’ by memo // The Irish Times. 25.V.2021. URL: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/claim-of-british-trickery-in-anglo-irish-treaty-talks-debunked-by-memo-1.4573673 (access date: 29.03.2024).Mitchell A. Revolutionary Government in Ireland. DailEireann 1919–1922. Dublin, 1995.Parkinson A. A Difficult Birth. The Early Years of Northern Ireland 1920–1925. Dublin, 2020.Torrance D. Parliament and Northern Ireland, 1921–2021. House of Commons library. Number CBP-8884. 21 December 2020. P. 26 // URL: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8884.pdf (access date: 29.03.2024).Torrance D. The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 1921. P. 8. Number CBP 9260. 11 October 2021 // URL: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9260/ (access date: 29.03.2024).Varadcar L. The 1921 Treaty shaped Irish Politics for a century // The Irish Times. 25.V.2021. URL: https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/century/1921/leo-varadkar-the-1921-treaty-shaped-irish-politics-for-a-century-1.4555227 (access date: 29.03.2024).